Peptides are molecules of biological origin
that shows various activities and have diverse functions in organisms. The incorporation of peptide modifications may
have various purposes such as improving activity, tracking the peptide in the
biological system under study, etc.
A large variety of peptide modifications are
available which are usually classified on the basis of chemical structure or
chemical site of modification (Figure 1).
The peptide modifications include N-terminal modification, C-terminal
modification, amino acid side chain modification, amino acid -carbone modification and backbone
modification.
Figure 1.
Peptide modifications chart.
The modifications of the peptide backbone
chain or of the individual amino acids have notable effects on the physical and
chemical properties of the peptide overall.
It may affect the hydrophobicity and thus it
can enhance water-solubility.
Figure 2.
Peptide modifications have significant effect on peptide behavior.
It may have significant effect on the
biological properties as well. Peptide
modifications may improve the resistance to degradation within the body, expand
the biological distribution, or increase the specific activity. Modified
peptides are widely used in the research of peptide drugs, immunology,
diagnostics, biocatalysis, modified antibodies and peptide reagents.
Other types of peptides modifications involve
conjugation to proteins or labeling with heavy isotopes, biotin, flurophores,
and chromophores.
A large choice of peptide modifications is
available from Genosphere Biotechnologies and
feasibility is dependent on the peptide
sequence, properties and desired location. Hence, Genosphere Biotechnologies
peptide synthesis team will review each request.
Peptide modifications: Unusual and unnatural amino acids
The incorporation of unusual or unnatural
amino acids into a peptide sequence may improve the stability or the
functionality of a target sequence. Other modifications are required to closely
mimic in vivo molecules through
post-translational modifications such as the acetylation of lysine (N-acetyl
Lysine ) and hydroxylation of proline (hydroxyproline). Unnatural amino acid with
disubstituted -carbons or N-substituted monomers such as N-methyl amino acids
are attracting a lot of interest to improve bioavaibility. Many unusual, naturally occuring amino acids (Table
1) are available from Genosphere Biotechnologies including citrulline (Cit),
hydroxyproline (Hyp), norleucine (Nle), ornithine (Orn), α-aminobutyric acid (Abu), methionine
sulfoxide (Met-SO).
Table 1.
Examples of unusual amino acids available for incorporation into
peptides.
Peptide library
Synthetic peptide library is a collection of
peptides that are chemically synthesized.
Using a specific set of rules to generate the sequence, instead of
relying on using phage or biological systems.
At least five subtypes of synthetic peptide libraries have been
developped over the years. They all differ
from each other by the set of rules used to generate the sequences in realtion
to the reasearch task at hand. These are
(i) overlapping peptide library, (ii) truncation peptide library, (iii) random peptide
library, (iv) alanine scanning v and (v) positional or scrambled peptide
library.
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